"Pragmatic Programming" is a course which was designed for new postgraduate students and members of staff in Geographical Sciences.

As well as being available year round on this wiki, the course is also given every year as series of monthly practicals starting in the Autumn term. The idea is to have a regular monthly programming skills session over the first year of a PhD. The course is open to postgraduates and postdocs in Geographical Sciences and elsewhere. If you are interested in attending the course, please contact the administrators.

Rationale

A considered approach to writing environmental models is of the utmost for two reasons.

The first pertains to the word 'science' and the key tenet of reproducibility. A well engineered model will be robust to a change of hardware or compiler. Too often, however, we find that running a model developed by one research group on the systems of another yields different results. How much are we to trust results which we cannot replicate? Not to mention the time wasted trying to track down the cause of the discrepancy. This considerations carry particular weight when model results are used to inform environmental policy in the face of climate change.

The second reason is that we simply cannot bear the cost of an ill-considered approach to model development. Time is money and grappling with poorly engineered, or simply un-designed models wastes huge amounts of time. One science experiment is often a slight variant upon another. Well engineered code can be quickly adapted for a following experiment. However, a change to Heath Robinson style creations which we often witness can present an impasse which requires huge efforts to overcome. Imagine this situation repeated hundreds of times over and a sobering waste of resources comes to mind. And this is before we contemplate the cost of tracking down bugs.

A few years back, there was a short course for physical geography postgraduate students providing core computer skills required for the many modelling activities in the department. It covered briefly the Linux operating system, Fortran programming and the use of numerical libraries. Although this course stopped a while ago, there is still a clear and vocalised need for that type of tuition today.

"Pragmatic Programming" was designed to fill that gap. The course was written specifically for Geographical Sciences postgrads and postdocs but will be relevant to many researchers. Fortran and C/C++ are the main programming languages.

Credits

"Pragmatic Programming" was designed in 2008 by JP Renaud and Gethin Williams.

Course content

The following is a list of example-led tutorials which will be used to provide an engineering framework, upon which scientific programming can be profitably overlaid.

Thread1: Fortran and python programming

1. Fortran1: Fortran for beginners. This is friendly introduction to Fortran and will guide you from writing your first program through to using more advanced data-types, such as arrays. Along the way, you will encounter Fortran's intrinsic data types, logic such as conditionals and loops, program structure and subroutines all the while providing pointers to good style and bug avoidance techniques.
2. Fortran2: Intermediate Fortran. This tutorial follows on from Fortran1 and introduces features from Fortran90 which help us to write better, more maintainable programs. The topics covered include; dynamic memory allocation using allocatable arrays; flexible and easily extensible data-types through the use of user-derived types; enhanced modularity, encapsulation and error checking provided by modules. Linking your program to third party libraries is also covered, using NetCDF as an example.
3. Should you wish to go further Numerics, Profiling and Debugging provide examples of common numerical programming gotchas; tips to help you find and improve any slow running regions of your program; and hints and tips for avoiding, finding and correcting any bugs that find their way into your code.
4. An introduction to Python and the numpy package guides you through some first steps with python and highlights some of the very useful data manipulation and visualisation tools on offer. The examples will focus on data held in 2-dimensional arrays.
5. Polyglot offers some concrete examples of mixed Fortran and C programming, including the new Fortran2003 interoperability features. Mixed language programming provide huge time-savings if you have access to, say, a third party library of routines written in C which you would like to make use of inside your existing Fortran project.

Thread2: Tools for Managing your Code and your Project

1. The Subversion version control system is fantastic tool for collaborating, debugging, disaster recovery and, well, general sanity preservation!. This tutorial gives you hands on practice for all the essential features.
2. Project building using Make guides you step-by-step through the otherwise opaque magic of Makefiles and highlights how they can be brought into service not only for code compilation, but also for automatic documentation creation and program testing. The combination of Subversion and Make opens the door to a nightly build for your project--a proven way to catch and correct bugs.

Thread3: C/C++ and Parallel Programming using OpenMP

1. C for beginners
2. moving from C to C++
3. Parallel programming using OpenMP