Difference between revisions of "Remote sensing data"

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[[Category:Remote Sensing]]
 
[[Category:Remote Sensing]]
  
−
A quick overview of remote sensing data that may be useful for hydrological analysis:
+
== Overview of remote sensing data that may be useful for hydrological analysis ==
  
 +
=== Spectrometer ===
 +
 +
{|border = "1"
 +
!Institute!!Satellite!!Sensor!!channels!!launched!!resolution!!Notes
 +
|-
 +
|ESA ||[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envisat ENVISAT]  ||MERIS  ||15||March 2002||260x290m||Visible and Near Infrared spectrum (390 to 1040 nm), cloud cover, water bodies, frequency 3 days (higher at the poles)
 +
|-
 +
|NASA
 +
|TIROS-N
 +
|AVHRR
 +
|4
 +
| <!-- launch data unknown -->
 +
|1.09x1.09km
 +
| rowspan="6" valign="top"| http://www.nsof.class.noaa.gov. <br/> Can be used for cloud cover (Bendix et al.), surface temperature (ref), delineation of water bodies (Zhou et al., 2000)
 +
|-
 +
|NOAA||NOAA-7||AVHRR||5||        ||
 +
|-
 +
|NOAA||NOAA-15||AVHRR||6||May 1998||
 +
|-
 +
|NOAA||NOAA-16||AVHRR||6||Sep 2000||
 +
|-
 +
|NOAA||NOAA-17||AVHRR||6||Jun 2002||
 +
|-
 +
|NOAA||NOAA-18||AVHRR||6||May 2005||
 +
|-
 +
|Eumetsat||METOP||AVHRR||?||||||cloud cover, surface temperature
 +
|-
 +
|ESA||MSG-1 & 2 (Meteosat-8 & 9)||SEVIRI||12||2002||||Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager. [[http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/Access_to_Data/Meteosat_Image_Services/SP_1123237865326 Africa and Europe]] @ 15 minutes. 8 channels can be used for monitoring the earth surface. Channel 12 is a high resolution visible (hrv) channel. Resolution: 3 km at the sub-satellite point (5 – 6 km over Europe). Channel 12 has a resolution of 1 km at the sub-satellite point (1.5 – 2 km over Europe). Can be used for precipitation (see e.g. Thies et al. doi:10.1029/2008JD010464)
 +
|-
 +
|NASA||TRMM||??||||||25x25km (0.25°)|| rainfall
 +
|-
 +
|NASA||AQUA||AMSR-E||||May 2002||6.25 - 25 km||Wind speed, water vapor, cloud liquid water, Snow water equivalent,Surface Soil Moisture (daily). [[http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/AMSR/data_products.html More details]].
 +
|-
 +
|NASA||TERRA||ASTER||[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Spaceborne_Thermal_Emission_and_Reflection_Radiometer 15]||1999||15-90m||temperature, reflectance, elevation, land use. On demand; some images exist for the Andes
 +
|-
 +
|NASA||TERRA/AQUA||[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MODIS MODIS]||36||1999/2002||see notes||http://www.landcover.org, spatial resolution: 250 m (bands 1-2) 500 m (bands 3-7) 1000 m (bands 8-36), temporal resolution 1 to 2 days, visible and near infrared (400 to 14400 nm)
 +
|}
 +
 +
=== radar ===
 +
 +
{|border = "1"
 +
!Institute!!Satellite!!Sensor!!launched!!resolution!!Notes
 +
|-
 +
|ESA ||[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envisat ENVISAT]||ASAR    ||March 2002||30m||APG HH and HV -> delineation of water bodies
 +
|-
 +
|ESA ||[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envisat ENVISAT]||Altimeter||March 2002||400m||altitude (only 1 dimension)
 +
|-
 +
|MDA||[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RADARSAT-1 RADARSAT-1]||ASAR||November 1995||10m||commercial (Canadian private company)
 +
|-
 +
|MDA||[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RADARSAT-2 RADARSAT-2]||ASAR||December 2007||3m||commercial (Canadian private company)
 +
|-
 +
|ASI||[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSMO-SkyMed COSMO-SkyMed]||SAR||June 2007|| || Constellation of 4 satellites
 +
|}
 +
 +
 +
=== other ===
 +
 +
 +
 +
One that has not gone up yet: [http://bprc.osu.edu/water/index.php SWOT]
 +
 +
 +
== Data aquisition ==
 +
 +
=== ESA ===
 +
 +
ESA is a very big engine and it is tricky to find what you are actually looking for or what you need but there is lots:
 +
 +
The following link is a shortcut to ESA's 'Resources' page that includes upcoming workshops, the ESA library, data samples and archives, and probably most useful for anyone working with ESA data, there are ESA-tailored software tools that run free-of-charge on Windows, linux and also MacOS (although mac versions are usually appearing a bit later than the other two!): http://earth.esa.int/resources/
 +
P.S. I attended an ESA Land Training course in Lisbon in September 2007 on Flooding/Soil moisture and Forests and have lots of lecture notes on ASAR, ALOS and how to use these data with the BEST, BEAM and POLSARPRO packages (I have actually worked with an ALOS quadpol for tree height and soil moisture retrieval: amazing data!).
 +
If you want any of these notes or some help, just email me (guy.schumann@bristol.ac.uk) and I'll try to help! 
 +
 +
There is a useful tool from the ESA website to search for available images (does ENVISAT and others):
 +
 +
http://eoli.esa.int/
 +
 +
To access online (last 7-10 days) data and submit CAT-1 (free data) proposals for projects:
 +
 +
http://earth.esa.int/dataproducts/accessingeodata/
 +
 +
To answer third party mission (from non-ESA satellites) calls: http://eopi.esa.int/esa/esa?type=10&cmd=aolist, and go to the 'TPM' link to the left of the page,
 +
 +
and AO (Announcement of Opportunities) calls: http://eopi.esa.int/esa/esa?type=10&cmd=aolist
 +
 +
=== ESA conferences and workshops ===
 +
 +
Anyone interested in this year's (2008) ESA summer school in August (4-14) at the ESRIN centre in Italy? Topic: Data assimilation, monitoring and modelling the Earth System. Have a look at: http://envisat.esa.int/envschool/
 +
 +
== Detailed info on satellites ==
 +
 +
=== meteosat ===
 +
 +
The channels of SEVERI on board meteosat-8 (spectral band / μm)
 +
 +
(from http://las.physik.uni-oldenburg.de/eProceedings/vol05_1/05_1_de-ruyter1.pdf)
  
  
 
{|border=1
 
{|border=1
−
!Institute!!Satellite!!Sensor!!Notes
+
!Channel!!min!!max!!description
 +
|-
 +
| 1 || 0.635 || 0.56 || 0.71 visual
 +
|-
 +
| 2 || 0.81 || 0.74 || 0.88 visual
 +
|-
 +
| 3 || 1.64 || 1.50 || 1.78 near infrared
 
|-
 
|-
−
|ESA ||ENVISAT  ||ASAR    ||APG HH and HV -> delineation of water bodies
+
| 4 || 3.90 || 3.48 || 4.36 infrared
 
|-
 
|-
−
|NASA||??      ||AVHRR  ||http://www.nsof.class.noaa.gov, cloud cover
+
| 5 || 6.25 || 5.35 || 7.15 infrared (water vapour absorption)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|NASA||EOS AQUA ||AMSR-E  ||??
+
| 6 || 7.35 || 6.85 || 7.85 infrared (water vapour absorption)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|ESA||METEOSAT||??||cloud cover, geostationary, every 15 min
+
| 7 || 8.70 || 8.30 || 9.1 infrared
 
|-
 
|-
−
|???||MERIS||??||NDVI? CLOUD COVER? 260x290m
+
| 8 || 9.66 || 9.38 || 9.94 infrared (ozone absorption)
 
|-
 
|-
−
|NASA||TRMM||??||25x25km resolution (0.25°), rainfall
+
| 9 || 10.80 || 9.80 || 11.80 infrared
 
|-
 
|-
−
|NASA||ASTER||??||temperature, reflectance, elevation. On demand, and does not seem to exist for the tropical Andes
+
| 10 || 12.00 || 11.00 || 13.00 infrared
 
|-
 
|-
−
|NASA||TERRA/AQUA||MODIS||http://www.landcover.org
+
| 11 || 13.40 || 12.40 || 14.40 infrared (CO2 absorption)
 +
|-
 +
| 12 || 0.75 || 0.60 || 0.90 high resolution visual broadband (hrv)
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
 +
== Processing ==
 +
 +
=== Envisat altimeter ===
 +
 +
Some information that may make life easier when dealing with ESA's altimeter N1 files:
 +
 +
* ESA's [http://earth.esa.int/brat/html/data/toolbox_en.html Basic Radar Altimeter Toolbox] provides a set of tools and an interface for extracting data from the original N1 files. The interface is broken on recent linux versions due to obsolete dependencies but the command line tools work. 
 +
 +
* The XY extraction utility (BratCreateZFXY) does not seem capable of extracting the original data directly. It requires a predefined raster size and automatically interpolates before exporting.
 +
 +
* BratCreateYFX extracts the measurements in the original resolution. However it only includes one dimension so you have to add the other one manually as a dataset. Something like this in the parameter file:
 +
 +
    # longitude
 +
    X=lon
 +
    X_NAME=X
 +
    X_TYPE=Longitude
 +
    X_UNIT=degrees_east
 +
    X_TITLE=X
 +
    # latitude
 +
    FIELD=lat
 +
    FIELD_NAME=Y
 +
    FIELD_TYPE=Data
 +
    FIELD_UNIT=count
 +
    FIELD_TITLE=Y
 +
    # data of interest follow
 +
    FIELD=alt_cog_ellip
 +
    FIELD_NAME=alt_cog_ellip
 +
    FIELD_TYPE=Data
 +
    FIELD_UNIT=mm
 +
    FIELD_TITLE=alt_cog_ellip
 +
 +
* Extracting many fields from many files is '''much''' easier using the command line tools and a batch script.
 +
 +
== downscaling techniques ==
 +
 +
=== statistical ===
 +
 +
singular vector decomposition
 +
 +
Bretherton CS, Smith C, Wallace JM. 1992. An intercomparison of methods for finding coupled patterns in climate data. Journal of Wilks DS. 1995. Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences. Climate 5: 541–560
 +
 +
 +
=== dynamical ===

Latest revision as of 11:10, 30 March 2009


Overview of remote sensing data that may be useful for hydrological analysis

Spectrometer

Institute Satellite Sensor channels launched resolution Notes
ESA ENVISAT MERIS 15 March 2002 260x290m Visible and Near Infrared spectrum (390 to 1040 nm), cloud cover, water bodies, frequency 3 days (higher at the poles)
NASA TIROS-N AVHRR 4 1.09x1.09km http://www.nsof.class.noaa.gov.
Can be used for cloud cover (Bendix et al.), surface temperature (ref), delineation of water bodies (Zhou et al., 2000)
NOAA NOAA-7 AVHRR 5
NOAA NOAA-15 AVHRR 6 May 1998
NOAA NOAA-16 AVHRR 6 Sep 2000
NOAA NOAA-17 AVHRR 6 Jun 2002
NOAA NOAA-18 AVHRR 6 May 2005
Eumetsat METOP AVHRR ? cloud cover, surface temperature
ESA MSG-1 & 2 (Meteosat-8 & 9) SEVIRI 12 2002 Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager. [Africa and Europe] @ 15 minutes. 8 channels can be used for monitoring the earth surface. Channel 12 is a high resolution visible (hrv) channel. Resolution: 3 km at the sub-satellite point (5 – 6 km over Europe). Channel 12 has a resolution of 1 km at the sub-satellite point (1.5 – 2 km over Europe). Can be used for precipitation (see e.g. Thies et al. doi:10.1029/2008JD010464)
NASA TRMM ?? 25x25km (0.25°) rainfall
NASA AQUA AMSR-E May 2002 6.25 - 25 km Wind speed, water vapor, cloud liquid water, Snow water equivalent,Surface Soil Moisture (daily). [More details].
NASA TERRA ASTER 15 1999 15-90m temperature, reflectance, elevation, land use. On demand; some images exist for the Andes
NASA TERRA/AQUA MODIS 36 1999/2002 see notes http://www.landcover.org, spatial resolution: 250 m (bands 1-2) 500 m (bands 3-7) 1000 m (bands 8-36), temporal resolution 1 to 2 days, visible and near infrared (400 to 14400 nm)

radar

Institute Satellite Sensor launched resolution Notes
ESA ENVISAT ASAR March 2002 30m APG HH and HV -> delineation of water bodies
ESA ENVISAT Altimeter March 2002 400m altitude (only 1 dimension)
MDA RADARSAT-1 ASAR November 1995 10m commercial (Canadian private company)
MDA RADARSAT-2 ASAR December 2007 3m commercial (Canadian private company)
ASI COSMO-SkyMed SAR June 2007 Constellation of 4 satellites


other

One that has not gone up yet: SWOT


Data aquisition

ESA

ESA is a very big engine and it is tricky to find what you are actually looking for or what you need but there is lots:

The following link is a shortcut to ESA's 'Resources' page that includes upcoming workshops, the ESA library, data samples and archives, and probably most useful for anyone working with ESA data, there are ESA-tailored software tools that run free-of-charge on Windows, linux and also MacOS (although mac versions are usually appearing a bit later than the other two!): http://earth.esa.int/resources/ P.S. I attended an ESA Land Training course in Lisbon in September 2007 on Flooding/Soil moisture and Forests and have lots of lecture notes on ASAR, ALOS and how to use these data with the BEST, BEAM and POLSARPRO packages (I have actually worked with an ALOS quadpol for tree height and soil moisture retrieval: amazing data!). If you want any of these notes or some help, just email me (guy.schumann@bristol.ac.uk) and I'll try to help!

There is a useful tool from the ESA website to search for available images (does ENVISAT and others):

http://eoli.esa.int/

To access online (last 7-10 days) data and submit CAT-1 (free data) proposals for projects:

http://earth.esa.int/dataproducts/accessingeodata/

To answer third party mission (from non-ESA satellites) calls: http://eopi.esa.int/esa/esa?type=10&cmd=aolist, and go to the 'TPM' link to the left of the page,

and AO (Announcement of Opportunities) calls: http://eopi.esa.int/esa/esa?type=10&cmd=aolist

ESA conferences and workshops

Anyone interested in this year's (2008) ESA summer school in August (4-14) at the ESRIN centre in Italy? Topic: Data assimilation, monitoring and modelling the Earth System. Have a look at: http://envisat.esa.int/envschool/

Detailed info on satellites

meteosat

The channels of SEVERI on board meteosat-8 (spectral band / μm)

(from http://las.physik.uni-oldenburg.de/eProceedings/vol05_1/05_1_de-ruyter1.pdf)


Channel min max description
1 0.635 0.56 0.71 visual
2 0.81 0.74 0.88 visual
3 1.64 1.50 1.78 near infrared
4 3.90 3.48 4.36 infrared
5 6.25 5.35 7.15 infrared (water vapour absorption)
6 7.35 6.85 7.85 infrared (water vapour absorption)
7 8.70 8.30 9.1 infrared
8 9.66 9.38 9.94 infrared (ozone absorption)
9 10.80 9.80 11.80 infrared
10 12.00 11.00 13.00 infrared
11 13.40 12.40 14.40 infrared (CO2 absorption)
12 0.75 0.60 0.90 high resolution visual broadband (hrv)


Processing

Envisat altimeter

Some information that may make life easier when dealing with ESA's altimeter N1 files:

  • ESA's Basic Radar Altimeter Toolbox provides a set of tools and an interface for extracting data from the original N1 files. The interface is broken on recent linux versions due to obsolete dependencies but the command line tools work.
  • The XY extraction utility (BratCreateZFXY) does not seem capable of extracting the original data directly. It requires a predefined raster size and automatically interpolates before exporting.
  • BratCreateYFX extracts the measurements in the original resolution. However it only includes one dimension so you have to add the other one manually as a dataset. Something like this in the parameter file:
    # longitude
    X=lon
    X_NAME=X
    X_TYPE=Longitude
    X_UNIT=degrees_east
    X_TITLE=X
    # latitude
    FIELD=lat
    FIELD_NAME=Y
    FIELD_TYPE=Data
    FIELD_UNIT=count
    FIELD_TITLE=Y
    # data of interest follow
    FIELD=alt_cog_ellip
    FIELD_NAME=alt_cog_ellip
    FIELD_TYPE=Data
    FIELD_UNIT=mm
    FIELD_TITLE=alt_cog_ellip
  • Extracting many fields from many files is much easier using the command line tools and a batch script.

downscaling techniques

statistical

singular vector decomposition

Bretherton CS, Smith C, Wallace JM. 1992. An intercomparison of methods for finding coupled patterns in climate data. Journal of Wilks DS. 1995. Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences. Climate 5: 541–560


dynamical

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